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1809 A Study on the Effect of Luspatercept on Regulatory T Cells and Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Low Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Ring Sideroblasts

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 636. Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Basic and Translational: Poster I
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Translational Research, Immunology, Biological Processes
Saturday, December 7, 2024, 5:30 PM-7:30 PM

Stefania Leone1,2*, Francesco Grimaldi, MD3*, Mara Memoli4*, Flavia Carriero5*, Giulia Scalia6*, Annamaria Vincenzi7*, Giuseppe Cerciello8*, Fabrizio Pane9, Alessandra Picardi, MD10*, Giuseppe Terrazzano5*, Giuseppina Ruggiero11* and Valentina Rubino11*

1University federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
2AORN Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
3Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Hematology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
4Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Naples, Italy
5Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
6Centre for Advanced Biotechnology (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
7Aou-Federico II, Naples, Naples, ITA
8Hematology, "San Pio" Hospital of Benevento, Naples, ITA
9Division of Hematology and SCT Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Naples, Italy
10Stem Cell Transplant Program AORN Cardarelli, Naples and Biomedicine and Prevencion Department of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Naples / Rome, Italy
11Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

In Low-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (LR-MDS), red blood cell transfusion-dependent (RBC-TD) anemia is the primary cause of morbidity and poor outcomes. Luspatecept (Luspa), a recombinant fusion protein that inhibits Smad2/3 signaling induced by TGF-β ligands, is currently approved for the treatment of RBC-TD anemia in LR-MDS with Ring Sideroblasts (LR-MDS-RS). Despite the clinical efficacy of Luspa, its precise mechanism of action is still under investigation. In MDS, immune dysregulation contributes to ineffective hematopoiesis and clonal evolution, with a prominent role played by immune-suppressive populations, primarily represented by Regulatory T-cells (Treg) and Myeloid Derived Suppressive Cells (MDSC). Moreover, Treg-MDSC functional interactions likely involving TGF-B dependent pathways, has been also proposed. By targeting TGF-β signaling pathways, Luspa may indirectly influence the immune microenvironment. Therefore, we aimed to verify if Luspa, by interfering with TGF-β pathway, might affect Treg and MDSCs in patients with LR-MDS-RS.

20 healthy donors and 13 LR-MDS-RS patients with RBC-TD anemia treated with Luspa at Federico II University of Naples have been included in the study from January 2021. Extensive immune profile, including circulating monocyte-MDSC (m-MDSC) and Treg has been performed by multiparametric flow cytometry at baseline and after 6 months of Luspa treatment. Treg were deeply characterized evaluating the expression of the essential transcriptor factor Foxp3 and its highly suppressive isoform containing exon 2 (Foxp3-E2). We performed in vitro experiments to access the ability to Luspa to affect TGF-B dependent Treg induction.

No significantly change in the amount of CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, NK cells have been observed when compared to HD. We analyzed CD54 expression, as a marker of antigen-dependent T cell activation, on both CD4 and CD8 T cells. In MDS patients, before treatment, we found an increase of CD54 only in CD4 T cell. After Luspa therapy, we found a significantly increase of CD54 in both CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to HD [p<0.05]. Moreover, after Luspa, CD4 and CD8 show a significantly higher proliferation rate, evaluated through ki67 expression (respectively, M: 3.18, IQR: 1.88-3.91; M: 3.85, IQR: 3.2-8.38), compared to HD (respectively, M: 1.73, IQR: 1.45-2.32; M: 2.23, IQR: 1.6-3.6). Comparing CD54 and ki67 expression before and after Luspa, there is a noticeable upward trend, although it is not statistically significant. Focusing on Treg, the VA of CD4 T cells expressing Foxp3 is significantly decreased in patients at baseline and after Luspa compared to HD (respectively, M: 24.6/µl; IQR: 14.36-35.85/µl; M: 66.67/µl; IQR: 48.62-86.97/µl). However, the VA of highly suppressive Tregs expressing Foxp3-E2 is significantly decreased after Luspa compared to before treatment (respectively, M: 8.76/µl; IQR: 2.34-12.12/µl; M: 11.51/µl; IQR: 9.12-41.37/µl). In patients at baseline, Foxp3-E2/overall Foxp3 percentage ratio is significantly increased compared to HD (respectively, M: 0.88; IQR: 0.37-1.03; M: 0.29; IQR: 0.15-0.9), but it significantly decreases after Luspa (M: 0.32; IQR: 0.14-0.69). Rather, Treg do not show a different proliferation rate after Luspa. To confirm the capability of Luspa to suppress Treg, we performed an in vitro assay showing that Luspa can inhibit the 60% of the TGF-β-induction of Foxp3.

m-MDSC percentage is significantly increased in patients before Luspa compared to HD (respectively, M: 4.3, IQR: 0.86-10.75; M: 0.3, IQR: 0.1-0.41), but it significantly decreases after the treatment (M: 0.52; IQR: 0.47-3.45).

In our cohort, based on IWG 2018 criteria, 8 patients achieved a response. These responders exhibited significantly higher expression of CD54 on CD8 T cells and a lower percentage of m-MDSC before the treatment compared to non-responders (p<0.05).

According to our preliminary data, Luspa treatment might inhibit the amount of immunosuppressive populations of Treg and m-MDSC. Additionally, it enhances the activation and proliferation status of CD4 and CD8 T cell effectors. Therefore, we can presume that Luspa, by interfering with TGF-β pathway, has the potential to modify the dysregulated immunological microenvironment of LR-MDS. The study is currently ongoing with the purpose of validating these findings in a larger cohort and of exploring their implications in MDS clinical management.

Disclosures: Pane: GSK Incyte Amgen BMS Janssen Jazz Novartis Pfizer: Speakers Bureau; GSK Incyte: Consultancy. Picardi: MEDAC: Speakers Bureau; NOVARTIS: Other: Advisory board; GILEAD: Speakers Bureau; MSD: Other: Advisory board; AMGEN: Speakers Bureau.

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