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4129 Developing a Pediatric-Relevant Murine MLL-r B-ALL Model to Study Factors Involved in Lineage Switching

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 603. Lymphoid Oncogenesis: Basic: Poster III
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Fundamental Science, Lymphoid Leukemias, ALL, Acute Myeloid Malignancies, AML, Genetic Disorders, Hematopoiesis, Diseases, Immunology, Lymphoid Malignancies, Metabolism, Myeloid Malignancies, Biological Processes, Molecular biology
Monday, December 9, 2024, 6:00 PM-8:00 PM

Wenjuan Liao1, Tian Liu1*, Julian Grandvallet Contreras, BS1*, Lynn Heltemes Harris, PhD2*, Tzu Phang, PhD1*, Michael A. Farrar, PhD2, M. Eric Kohler, MD, Ph.D3, Terry J Fry, MD4,5 and Patricia Ernst, PhD1,6

1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
2Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
3Department of Pediatrics-Hematology, Oncology, and BMT, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
4Department of Pediatrics- Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
5Immunology Department and HI3 Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
6Pharmacology Department, University to University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO

Relapse following anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in childhood relapsed/refractory B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL) poses a formidable challenge, with a particularly concerning manifestation known as Lineage Switch (LS) characterized by a transition to an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) phenotype. Lineage switching is particularly associated with certain cytogenetic subtypes including KMT2A/MLL rearranged (MLL-r) B-ALL. However, murine models of MLL-r leukemia predominate in AML rather than B-ALL. Human xenografts do enable MLL-r B-ALL engraftment but lack the complete niche to faithfully replicate the evolution from B-ALL to AML.

We present here an iterative approach to developing an accurate syngeneic MLL-r B-ALL model using retroviral delivery of fusion oncoproteins. To study the lineage-unstable nature of MLL-r B-ALL, MLL-r CD19-positive B-ALL cells were first generated in vitro in an IL-7-dependent, stroma-free condition via retroviral delivery of MLL-r alleles. During transformation, we show ongoing Ig heavy chain rearrangements and acquisition of a stable pro B cell phenotype similar to that of human MLL-r B-ALL. RNA sequencing revealed a particular suite of myeloid gene expression despite immunophenotyping consistent with a pro B cell identity. Despite this stable phenotype in vitro, engraftment into murine newborn recipients was accompanied by a rapid lineage switch from CD19-positive B-ALL to CD19-negative AML. Immunoglobulin heavy chain D-J rearrangements were present in AML cells from relapsed recipients, suggesting that the B-ALL and AML were progeny of B-ALL. We show that blocking myeloid lineage access by generating MLL-r Cebpa-/- B-ALL is not sufficient to support B-ALL in vivo. When wild-type (WT) and RAGγC-/- newborn recipients were compared, the B-ALL switch to AML occurred with delayed kinetics in RAGγC-/- recipients, suggesting that elevated levels of free IL-7 could be a factor in supporting B-ALL in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we employed IL7R blocking antibodies and IL-7 injections. Strikingly, manipulating IL7 signaling influenced the kinetics of lineage switch. Further, constitutive activation of Stat5 (Stat5CA) significantly delayed the AML LS, leading to a biphenotypic leukemia in both WT and RAGγC-/- recipients. CD19 CAR T infusion accelerated lineage switching in our MLL-r B-ALL models with and without Stat5CA.

In summary, we developed a universally applicable, novel syngeneic murine B-ALL model to study factors involved in lineage switching to AML in vivo. Using this model, we made three key discoveries: 1) lack of access to the myeloid lineage is insufficient to maintain B-ALL in vivo in mice, 2) the IL7-Stat5 axis can be enhanced to maintain B-ALL stability and more accurately model human MLL-r B-ALL, and 3) there are distinct transcriptional differences between de novo AML and lineage-switched AML, even when driven by the same MLL fusion oncoprotein.

Disclosures: Fry: United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents & Royalties: WO2019178382A1; United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents & Royalties: WO2015084513A1; Sana Biotechnology: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Ended employment in the past 24 months; United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents & Royalties: WO2017205747A1.

*signifies non-member of ASH