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1224 Sars-CoV2 Associated Thromboinflammatory Biomarkers for the Prediction of in-Hospital and Long-Term Mortality in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): Development of a Risk Assessment Score

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 330. Vascular Biology, Thrombosis, and Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Basic and Translational: Poster I
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Bleeding and Clotting, Adult, Translational Research, Clinical Research, Patient-reported outcomes, Diseases, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, Thrombotic disorders, Infectious Diseases, Adverse Events, Study Population, Human
Saturday, December 7, 2024, 5:30 PM-7:30 PM

Marina Marchetti, PhD1,2*, Patricia Gomez-Rosas, MD2,3,4*, Irene Pescetelli5*, Laura Russo2*, Sara Gamba2*, Cristina Verzeroli2*, Francesco Moretti5*, Dario Pellegrini6,7*, Luigi Fiocca5*, Aurelia Grosu5*, Giulio Guagliumi8* and Anna Falanga, MD9

1School of Medicine and Surgery, University, Milan, Italy
2Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
3Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
4Hospital de Oncologia, Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
5Interventional Cardiology, Cardiovascular Department, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
6Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
7Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
8IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, Italy
9School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy

Background: In hospitalized patients, the SARS-CoV2 infection induces a thromboinflammatory state characterized by endothelial cell dysfunction, platelet activation, and hypercoagulability, leading to an increased risk of thrombosis. In ACS patients with concomitant SARS-CoV2 infection, a higher in-hospital mortality rate is reported; however, no information on the impact of this infection on the thromboinflammatory profile of patients presenting with ACS is currently available. Similarly, no role of hemostatic biomarkers in predicting in-hospital or long-term mortality risk has been established in this population.

Aim: In a prospective cohort of ACS patients, we aimed to 1) characterize the contribution of concomitant SARS-CoV2 infection to the thromboinflammatory status by measuring a panel of hemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers; and 2) assess the role of these biomarkers in predicting in-hospital and/or two-year mortality.

Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to interventional cardiology for ACS (i.e., ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI], non-STEMI [NSTEMI], or unstable angina [UA]) during the first wave of the pandemic in Bergamo, Italy, from March to May 2020, were enrolled and followed-up for 2 years. Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) data were collected. At admission, patients underwent complete blood cell count and an extensive coagulation profiling, including biomarkers of endothelial-cell activation (von Willebrand factor [vWF] antigen and activity, and ADAMTS13); hypercoagulation (prothrombin fragment 1+2 [F1+2], and D-dimer); and fibrinolytic proteins (tissue plasminogen activator [t-PA], and inhibitor [PAI-1]). In addition, the inflammatory biomarkers fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII), neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and C reactive protein (CRP) were tested. The occurrence of in-hospital and two-year mortality was prospectively recorded.

Results: A total of 99 (76M/23F, median age 67 years) ACS patients (56 STEMI, 34 NSTEMI, 9 UA) were analyzed. Based on nasal swabs, 24 positive and 75 negative SARS-CoV-2 patients were identified. At admission, all patients showed significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of thromboinflammatory biomarkers compared to normal range values. Furthermore, ACS SARS-CoV-2-positive patients displayed significantly (p< 0.05) higher levels of fibrinogen, FVIII, D-dimer, vWF, t-PA, PAI-1, CRP, and NETs, together with significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of lymphocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, and ADAMTS-13 as compared to negative patients. The STEMI SARS-CoV2-positive group exhibited the highest values of the biomarkers. When performed, PCI ended more frequently with partial coronary reperfusion (TIMI grade flow <3) in SARS-CoV2-positive compared to negative patients (p= 0.004).

The cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality was 10%. The univariable analysis identified SARS-CoV-2 positivity as the strongest independent risk factor for mortality (HR 5.9 [95%CI 1.2-31.1]). Regarding the other clinical and laboratory parameters, the multivariable analysis identified dyspnea at presentation, vWF antigen, and leukocytes as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. These variables were used to develop a continuous score. Based on this score, the cumulative incidence of mortality was 0 % in the low-risk group, 19% in the intermediate-risk group (95% CI 6.1- 48.2%), and 71% in the high-risk group (95% CI 28.2-113.2%).

After a 2-year observation, the mortality rate was 8%. Age was the sole independent risk factor for a 2-year mortality, with a HR of 1.2 (95% CI 1.04-1.3), regardless of the initial SARS-CoV2 status.

Conclusions: For the first time, our study demonstrates that SARS-CoV2 infection worsens the thromboinflammatory state of ACS patients. This harmful effect might explain the observed heightened mortality rate among ACS patients concomitantly infected with SARS-CoV-2, which in our study was six times higher than in non-infected ACS patients. Additionally, the proposed scoring system, based on thromboinflammatory biomarkers, has proven effective in identifying ACS patients with elevated risks of in-hospital mortality. The potential role of this scoring system in identifying high-risk patients may possibly extend beyond our study to other highly inflammatory settings.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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