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315 Prognostic Impact of t(1;19) in Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) Patients Treated on Contemporary Children’s Oncology Group (COG) Protocols

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Type: Oral
Session: 614. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias: Biomarkers, Molecular Markers, and Minimal Residual Disease in Diagnosis and Prognosis: Genomic Determinants of Outcomes In ALL
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Clinical trials, Lymphoid Leukemias, ALL, Clinical Research, Health disparities research, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI), Pediatric, Diseases, Lymphoid Malignancies, Young adult , Study Population, Human, Measurable Residual Disease
Saturday, December 7, 2024: 4:30 PM

Ashley Pinchinat, MD1, John A. Kairalla, PhD2, Meenakshi Devidas, PhD, MBA3, Andrew J. Carroll, PhD4, Mary Shago, PhD5*, Anne Angiolillo, MD6*, Michael J. Burke, MD7*, Wanda L. Salzer, MD8, Naomi J. Winick, MD9, Mignon L. Loh, MD, PhD10, David T. Teachey, MD11, Elizabeth A. Raetz, MD1, Karen R Rabin, MD, PhD12, Rachel E. Rau, MD10 and Sumit Gupta, MD, PhD13

1Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
2University of Florida - Children's Oncology Group, Gainesville, FL
3St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
4Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
5The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, CAN
6Servier Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA
7Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
8U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Olney, MD
9Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
10Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
11Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Rutledge, PA
12Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine TX Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX
13The Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

Background

Translocation t(1;19)(q23;p13.3) resulting in the TCF3::PBX1 fusion is a recurrent cytogenetic alteration in 5-7% of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) that occurs more frequently in Black children. Historically, t(1;19) was associated with inferior outcomes with higher rates of central nervous system (CNS) relapse; contemporary prognostic impact is unclear. We assessed t(1;19) outcomes with modern Children’s Oncology Group (COG) therapy.

Methods

From 2010 to 2019, children and young adults with newly diagnosed B-ALL enrolled on standard risk (SR)(AALL0932; NCT01190930) or high risk (HR) (AALL1131; NCT02883049) protocols based on initial white blood cell count (WBC), age, extramedullary disease status, cytogenetic subtype, day 8 peripheral blood and end of induction (EOI) bone marrow flow cytometric minimal residual disease (MRD). Cytogenetic alterations were classified as favorable (ETV6::RUNX1 or double trisomies of chromosomes 4 and 10), unfavorable (iAMP21, KMT2A rearrangement, hypodiploidy) or neutral (all others). The t(1;19), detected by metaphase karyotyping and confirmed by central review, was considered a neutral cytogenetic lesion not impacting risk stratification. Patients 1-10 years of age with WBC <50,000/uL without unfavorable cytogenetics, CNS3 or testicular disease and EOI marrow MRD <0.01% were treated on AALL0932 while NCI HR (age ≥10 years and/or WBC ≥50,000/uL) and any patients with unfavorable cytogenetics, EOI MRD ≥0.01% and/or CNS3 or testicular leukemia or steroid pretreatment were treated on AALL1131. Patients with Down syndrome or Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-ALL were excluded from this analysis.

Results

Among 6417 patients 1-31 years, 270 (4.2%) had t(1;19) by karyotype, including 90 (33%) and 180 (67%) with a balanced and unbalanced translocation, respectively. The t(1;19) was associated with age ≥ 10 years, female sex, WBC ≥ 50,000/µL, CNS2/3 disease, Black race or Hispanic ethnicity, and Day 29 MRD < 0.01%. The 5-year (yr) disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for all patients with and without t(1;19) were not significantly different (DFS 92.1% ± 1.8% vs 91.2% ± 0.4%, P =0.39; OS 95.1% ± 1.4% vs 96.4% ± 0.3%, P=0.46) and there were no significant differences between balanced or unbalanced translocations (DFS 91.0% ± 3.2% vs 92.6% ± 2.1%, P = 0.61; OS 94.4% ± 2.6% vs 95.5% ± 1.7%, P=0.69).

When separately analyzing 5-yr DFS and OS among NCI SR and NCI HR patients with and without t(1;19), there were similarly no significant differences [NCI SR: DFS 96.8% ± 1.6% vs. 94.0% ± 0.4%, P=0.11 and OS 97.6% ± 1.4%, vs. 98.3% ± 0.2%, P=0.78; NCI HR: DFS 87.7% ± 3.0% vs. 83.4% ± 1.0%, P=0.14 and OS 92.8%±2.3% vs. 90.9% ± 0.8%, P=0.35].

When compared to other patients with neutral cytogenetics, patients with t(1;19) had improved 5-yr DFS and similar OS (DFS 92.1% ± 1.8% vs 87.2% ± 0.7%, P = 0.01; OS 95.1% ± 1.4% vs 94.6% ± 0.5%, P = 0.853). Notably, NCI SR patients with t(1;19) fared as well as those with favorable cytogenetics (DFS 96.8% ± 1.6% vs 95.9% ± 0.4%, P = 0.34, OS 97.6% ± 1.4% vs 98.9% ± 0.2%, P = 0.37).

Relapses occurred in 16 (5.9%) patients with t(1;19) compared to 480 (7.8%) without t(1;19) with a similar percentage of isolated CNS relapses (1.9% vs 1.7%), respectively. In a multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for other disease related variables, t(1;19) was significantly associated with decreased risk vs. unfavorable cytogenetics (hazard ratio 0.25, 95% CI: 0.15-0.41, P <.001) and other neutral cytogenetics (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40-0.97, P = 0.04); and was not statistically significantly different than favorable cytogenetics outcomes (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% CI: 0.79-1.98, P = 0.33).

Conclusions

With contemporary therapy, t(1;19) did not confer an inferior prognosis overall. Notably, patients with t(1;19) had improved DFS and OS compared to those with other neutral cytogenetics and, among the NCI SR group, fared as well as those with favorable cytogenetics. T(1;19) did not confer an increase in CNS relapse. Our data support that patients with t(1;19) do not need therapy intensification when treated on contemporary risk-directed COG regimens.

Disclosures: Angiolillo: Servier Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment. Teachey: BEAM Therapeutics: Research Funding; Jazz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NeoImmune Tech: Research Funding. Rau: Abbvie: Other: spouse currently employed; Servier: Other: Advisory board participation; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board participation. Gupta: Amgen: Other: Educational session.

*signifies non-member of ASH