Treatment Effectiveness with Venetoclax-Based Therapy after Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: An International Real-World Study

Introduction: Venetoclax has demonstrated consistent efficacy and manageable toxicity in patients with previously untreated or relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic leukemia (CLL/SLL). However, evidence on venetoclax use in patients previously treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) is limited. This real-world evidence (RWE) study assessed clinical outcomes of patients who received venetoclax after covalent BTKi (cBTKi) therapy, i.e., response rates, time to next treatment or death (TTNT-D), and progression-free survival (PFS), overall and stratified by line of therapy.

Methods: The CLL Collaborative Study of Real-World Evidence (CORE), a retrospective, international, observational study (23 centers) provided data for this analysis. Adult patients diagnosed with CLL/SLL were included if they received a venetoclax-based regimen after discontinuation of a cBTKi-based regimen. Baseline characteristics at venetoclax initiation were summarized using descriptive statistics. Overall response rate (ORR) was calculated as the proportion of patients with complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) among patients with documented responses as recorded in the patients’ medical charts based on physician assessment. TTNT-D was measured from date of venetoclax initiation to change of treatment/death (event) or end of follow-up, while PFS was measured from date of venetoclax initiation to disease progression/death (event) or end of follow-up. Outcomes were reported for the overall population and stratified by line of therapy (1L→2L and 2L→3L) and also by with and without CT/CIT exposure prior to cBTKi for 2L→3L.

Results: Of the 2,020 patients included in CORE, 1,287 (63.7%) received a cBTKi-based regimen in ≥1 line of therapy; 184 patients (14.3%) discontinued cBTKi (intolerance: 83 [45.1%], progression: 78 [42.4%]) and initiated venetoclax-based therapy (115 venetoclax monotherapy; 69 venetoclax combined with rituximab or obinutuzumab). Mean age at venetoclax initiation was 68.6 (median: 68.2) years old, 69.0% were male, and 31.0% had Medicare. Among tested patients, 41/61 (67.2%) had unmutated IGHV, and 28/109 (25.7%) had 17p deletion or TP53 mutation at venetoclax initiation. Average follow-up time from initiation of venetoclax therapy was 19.6 months (median: 16.6).

Of the 127 patients (69.0%) with a documented response, the ORR was 78.0% (CR: 43.3%, PR: 34.6%). The median TTNT-D for these patients was 39.5 months (95% CI: 30.4, not reached [NR]) with 12- and 18-month rates of 82.3% and 72.4%, respectively. The median PFS was 43.2 months (95% CI: 31.9, NR), with 12- and 18- month PFS rates of 82.8% and 75.1%, respectively.

Among patients who started venetoclax-based therapy post-cBTKi as 1L→2L (n=65), the ORR was 84.1% (CR: 54.5%, PR: 29.5%, out of 44 documented). The median TTNT-D for these patients was NR (95% CI: 31.9, NR) but the 12- and 18-month rates were 85.0% and 73.9%, respectively. The median PFS was 43.2 months (95% CI: 39.5, NR) with 12- and 18- month rates of 86.4% and 81.8%, respectively.

Among patients who started venetoclax-based therapy post-cBTKi as 2L→3L (n=67), the ORR was 78.3% (CR: 41.3%, PR: 37.0%, out of 46 documented). The median TTNT-D for these patients was 44.2 months (95% CI: 37.0, NR) with 12- and 18-month rates were 83.1% and 76.5%, respectively. The median PFS for these patients was 44.1 months (95% CI: 31.8, NR) with 12- and 18- months rates were 85.2% and 80.4%, respectively. The results for ORR, TTNT-D, and PFS were also similar for those with and without CT/CIT exposure prior to cBTKi.

Conclusions: In this multicenter real-world study, results demonstrate that venetoclax is effective overall and also when used either in 2L or 3L following cBTKi therapy. Additionally, even with prior CT/CIT exposure, results support that venetoclax-based therapy remains effective as a therapeutic option. Thus, this study demonstrates that venetoclax-based therapy post-cBTKi is associated with durable remission. These results are especially timely as the CLL treatment paradigm continues to evolve with multiple treatment options available, providing clinicians with valuable evidence to inform modern clinical practice. Further analysis of this study with larger cohorts and longer follow-up time will be undertaken as part of future work to grow this body of evidence.