Session: 803. Emerging Diagnostic Tools and Techniques: Poster I
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Technology and Procedures, Clinically relevant, Quality Improvement
Methods: A total of 171 MM patients with 1,472 observations were included in the study, where the upper limit of the observed M-spike was 3.5 gr/dL. Correlation of the observed M-spike with gamma gap was assessed by two correlation methods using the Pearson and Spearman tests. Forty three clinical and lab variables (including total serum protein and albumin) as predictors of M-spike were fed into the machine learning model. Two lagged variables as the last two preceding M-spike values by the same subject were included. When needed, imputation for missing values was applied through interpolation from subject-level linear trend analysis. The random forest model was used, where regression forests are an ensemble of different regression trees and are used for nonlinear multiple regression. The default number of trees was set to be n = 500, and the number of variables considered at each split after random selection was 13. The goal of using a large number of trees was to train enough that each feature had a chance to appear in several models. The data was randomly split into a training set (80%) and a test set (20%), and a regression tree was built with the training set and then validated using the test set. Bootstrapping was used to generate a collection of data sets (n=500), leading to a random forest of regression trees. Results and estimates were combined across trees. Importance was measured by leaving a covariate out of models, and comparing performance with its inclusion. All analyses were performed using R v3.6.2 and its libraries.
Results: Median age of the study cohort was 73 years old, range: 42-96), and 44% were male. The median M-spike value was (0.7 gr/dL, range: 0.1-3.5). Fig. 1 shows the number of observations and magnitude distribution for M-spike levels among the patients included in our study. The correlation of the calculated gamma gap and observed M-spike levels was assessed by two methods (Fig.2). The Pearson coefficient was 0.43 for M-spike levels <1 and 0.72 for M-spike levels >1 gr/dL, respectively (Fig.2a). The Spearman coefficient was 0.41 for M-spike levels <1 and 0.74 for M-spike levels >1 suggesting a low overall correlation overall, especially for M-spike levels <1 gr/dL (Fig .2b). In contrast, as shown in Fig. 3, M-spike levels predicted by the AI algorithm (i.e., fitted M-spike in the test set) correlated highly with the observed M-spike levels in the test set (R-square: 94% and RMSE of 0.21). The Pearson and Spearman coefficients were 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Fig. 3b. Indicates the residual distribution for the RF model with most of values are close to and on both side zero value.
Conclusion: Here, we showed that the difference between total protein and albumin (i.e., gamma gap) is a rough estimate of M-spike, especially with lower values. AI algorithm trained by 43 readily available clinical and laboratory variables could predict the observed M-spike very robustly. Taken together, our results indicate that the AI-based method developed here can be further advanced for rapid, accurate, point-of-care measurement of M-spike protein levels in MM patients.
Disclosures: Malek: Cumberland: Research Funding; Sanofi: Other: Advisory board; Clegene: Other: Advisory board , Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Other: Advisory board , Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; Bluespark: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria; Medpacto: Research Funding. Caimi: Amgen: Other: Advisory Board; Verastem: Other: Advisory Board; Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Bayer: Other: Advisory Board; ADC Therapeutics: Other: Advisory Board, Research Funding; Kite Pharma: Other: Advisory Board. de Lima: Celgene: Research Funding; Pfizer: Other: Personal fees, advisory board, Research Funding; Kadmon: Other: Personal Fees, Advisory board; Incyte: Other: Personal Fees, advisory board; BMS: Other: Personal Fees, advisory board.
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