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1569 Measurable Residual Disease Detection on Day 30 Post Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Predicts Clinical Outcome in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 619. Acute Myeloid Leukemias: Disease Burden and Minimal Residual Disease in Prognosis and Treatment: Poster I
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, AML, Acute Myeloid Malignancies, Clinical Research, Diseases, Myeloid Malignancies, Survivorship, Measurable Residual Disease , Molecular testing
Saturday, December 7, 2024, 5:30 PM-7:30 PM

Sze Pui Tsui, MSc1,2*, Ho-Wan Ip1*, Stephen Lam, PhD, MBBS,2*, Chi Yeung Fung2*, Wing-Hei Lai2*, Edmond Shiu-Kwan Ma, MD3, Jocelyn P.Y. Sim2* and Anskar Y.H. Leung, MD, PhD2,4

1Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
2Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
3Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanitorium & Hospital, Hong Kong, China
4Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China

Background: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the mainstay of post-remission therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) but post HSCT relapse is a major cause of treatment failure. Measurable residual disease (MRD) detection in AML has an established role in predicting post-chemotherapy relapse and it informs decision of post-remission therapy. However, its role in post HSCT is less studied. In this study, the prognostic value of MRD detection during early post HSCT, when modulation of graft-versus-leukaemia effect is possible, was investigated.

Methods: Adult AML patients with allo-HSCT performed in Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong after 2003 at complete remission were studied. MRD detection was performed from archival samples by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) at 9 recurrent hotspot mutations, including NPM1 Type A, DNMT3A R882H, IDH1 R132H/C/S, IDH2 R140Q/R172K, FLT3 D835Y and NRAS G12D, or at patient-specific mutations on bone marrow (BM) samples at defined time points after HSCT. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hospital Authority /HKU (HKU/HA HKW UW14-430 and UW14-639)

Results: Day 30 post-HSCT BM samples were available in 123 AML patients undergoing allo-HSCT from unrelated (N=50) and related (N=73) donors. Conditioning regimens were myeloablative in 79 patients and reduced intensity in 44 patients. MRD monitoring was performed at the 9 recurrent hotspots in 117 patients (NPM1 Type A, N=69; DNMT3A R882H, N=33; IDH1 R132, N=15; IDH2 R140Q/R172K, N= 27; FLT3 D835Y, N=11; NRAS G12D, N=14) and at patient-specific mutations in 7 patients. In 47 patients, there were more than 1 MRD markers and patients with detectable mutations in any one marker were considered MRD positive. MRD was positive in 37 (30%) patients. Post-HSCT Day 30 MRD positivity was associated with inferior post-HSCT leukaemia free survival (LFS) (median: 20.86 vs 110.06 months, p-value=0.00044) and overall survival (OS) (median: 45.6 vs 144.66 months, p-value=0.0039). MRD positivity was predictive of post-HSCT 3-year relapse risk in both NPM1 (Hazard Ratio(HR) = 5.2, CI: 2.18-12.44, p value <0.001) and non-NPM1 markers (HR = 2.34, CI: 1.14-4.8, p value = 0.02). Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate factors that affect post-HSCT LFS and OS, including post HSCT Day 30 MRD status, patient clinical and demographic information, European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 risk stratification and status at HSCT. Post-HSCT Day 30 MRD positivity was the only statistically significant factor associated with inferior post HSCT LFS (HR = 2.85, CI: 1.45-5.63, p value = 0.0025) and OS (HR = 2.67, CI: 1.27-5.63, p value = 0.0097).

Conclusions: MRD positivity at day 30 post HSCT BM sample is predictive of early relapse within 3 years for both NPM1 and non-NPM1 mutations. The measurement identifies the group of MRD-positive patients who are at risk of early post-HSCT relapse and allows future investigation of early interventions to prevent post-HSCT relapse.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

*signifies non-member of ASH