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4698 Prognostic Impact of Response Kinetics and Influencing Factors in Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Carfilzomib- or Ixazomib-Based Treatment

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 653. Multiple Myeloma: Clinical and Epidemiological: Poster III
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Plasma Cell Disorders, Clinical Research, Diseases, Real-world evidence, Lymphoid Malignancies, Survivorship
Monday, December 9, 2024, 6:00 PM-8:00 PM

Hee Jeong Cho1,2*, Myung-Won Lee, MD3, Yunji Lee, M.D.4*, Jungmin Lee, PhD5*, Jae Hoon Lee6*, Hyun-Seok Uhm7*, Jong Heon Jung7*, Ho-Young Yhim, MD8*, Dok Hyun Yoon, MD, PhD9, Hyungwoo Cho, MD10*, Sung-Soo Yoon, M.D., Ph.D.11, Ja Min Byun, MD, PhD11, Young Rok Do, MD, PhD12, Hyo Jung Kim, MD, PhD13*, Ji Hyun Lee, MD, PhD14, Sung-Nam Lim, MD15*, Hye Jin Kang16*, Ho Sup Lee, MD, PhD17*, Yundeok Kim, MD18*, Hee jeong Lee19*, Sang Min Lee, MD20*, Joon Ho Moon, MD21 and Kihyun Kim, MD, PhD22

1Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, Republic of (South)
2Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea, Republic of (South)
3Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Sejong, Korea, Republic of (South)
4Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea, Republic of (South)
5Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, KOR
6Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea, Republic of (South)
7National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea, Republic of (South)
8Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
9Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South)
10Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South)
11Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South)
12Department of Hemato-Oncology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea, Republic of (South)
13Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-Si, Korea, Republic of (South)
14Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
15Department of Hematology-Oncology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea, Republic of (South)
16Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, KOR
17Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea, Republic of (South)
18Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, KOR
19Department of Internal Medicine, Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea, Republic of (South)
20Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busangingu, Busan, KOR
21Department of Hematology, Kyungpook National Univ. Hospital, Daegu, Korea, Republic of (South)
22Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South)

Background

A rapid response to treatment was commonly linked to improved survival outcomes in acute leukemia or lymphoma. However, contrasting results were shown in multiple myeloma. In the TOURMALINE trial with ixazomib-based therapy, a 'late' response was significantly associated with better survival. Similarly, in carfilzomib-based treatments, longer time to response was correlated with better survival outcomes. Here, we evaluated the prognostic significance of response kinetics in a uniformly controlled cohort of patients and investigated factors associated with these kinetics.

Patients and methods

Medical records of patients who received carfilzomib- or ixazomib-based second-line treatment from January 2015 to June 2021 were collected from 17 medical centers in South Korea. The best response was defined as the highest level of response achieved during the treatment. The time to best response was calculated from the initiation of therapy to the time point of achieving the best response. Survival outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and a landmark analysis was performed to eliminate time bias. To compare the characteristics of categorical variables, the chi-square test was utilized.

Results

A total of 393 patients were enrolled in the study: 314 patients (79.9%) received carfilzomib-based treatment and 79 patients (20.1%) received ixazomib-based treatment. Of these, 323 patients who achieved a partial response or better response were analyzed for response kinetics. The median time to best response was 3 months (range, 0.5–44.8 months). Patients treated with ixazomib-based regimens had a longer median time to best response of 3.7 months compared to 2.9 months for those treated with carfilzomib-based regimens. Patients were categorized based on the time to achieve the best response: rapid responders (achieving best response within 3 months) included 166 patients, while slow responders (achieving best response after more than 3 months) included 157 patients. Slow responders demonstrated significantly better survival outcomes compared to rapid responders in both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (rapid vs. slow responders, median PFS: 23.5 vs. 37.8 months, p < 0.001; median OS: 23.4 months vs. not reached, p < 0.001). This trend was consistent in subgroups categorized by carfilzomib- or ixazomib-based treatment. There were no significant differences in classical prognostic factors at diagnosis, such as International Staging System (ISS), high-risk cytogenetics, and Revised-ISS, between slow and rapid responders. However, differences were observed in certain characteristics at the time of second-line treatment, including early relapse after first treatment <2 years (43.3% vs. 56.7%, p = 0.064), beta-2 microglobulin >3.5 mg/L (50.0% vs. 67.6%, p = 0.039), plasmacytoma (11.9% vs. 19.9%, p = 0.069), light-chain difference >300 mg/L (40.1% vs. 54.0%, p = 0.014), hemoglobin level <10 g/dL (23.2% vs. 33.7%, p = 0.038), and ALC/WBC ratio <20% (10.5% vs. 21.6%, p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Response kinetics were significantly associated with survival outcomes, with slow responders demonstrating better survival compared to rapid responders. Factors indicating high disease burden or poor prognosis at the time of second-line initiation were associated with response kinetics. Therefore, even if a response is not achieved at the first evaluation, it may be necessary to continue carfilzomib- or ixazomib-based treatment for several months if the tumor burden is not relatively high.

Disclosures: Yoon: Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine: Current Employment; Abbvie, Beigene, Boryung, Celltrion, Kyowa Kirin, Janssen, Samyang and Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Regeneron: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie, Abclon, Beigene, BMS, GI cell, GI innovation, GC cell, Verismo, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Roche, and Pharos Bio: Consultancy. Cho: Janssen: Honoraria; Celltrion: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria; Hanmi: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria. Yoon: Janssen: Honoraria; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Genentech, Inc.: Research Funding; Janssen, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Genentech, Inc.: Consultancy. Lee: Takeda, Janssen, Amgen, Celgene-BMS: Consultancy; Takeda, Amgen, Janssen, Celgene-BMS, Sanofi, Otuka, Pfizer, Celltrion, Boryung, Recordati rare diseases: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Amgen, Janssen, JW Pharmaceutical, Otsuka: Research Funding.

*signifies non-member of ASH