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4744 Increased Rates of MRD Conversion from Positive (+ve) to Negative (-ve) Following ASCT Compared to Chemotherapy Consolidation in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Is Prognostic for Improved Progression Free Survival: Dynamic MRD Assessment in the UK-MRA Cardamon Trial

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 654. Multiple Myeloma: Pharmacologic Therapies: Poster III
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Clinical trials, Clinical Research, Plasma Cell Disorders, Diseases, Lymphoid Malignancies, Measurable Residual Disease
Monday, December 9, 2024, 6:00 PM-8:00 PM

Ceri Bygrave, MBBCh MRCP FRCPath1,2*, William Wilson, PhD3*, Rakesh Popat4,5, Marquita Camilleri, MD6*, Karthik Ramasamy, MD, PhD7,8,9, Matthew Streetly10*, Michael A. Chapman, PhD11,12, Ruth M de Tute, MSc, PhD, FRCPath13*, Selina J Chavda, MBBS, BSc, MRCP14*, Elizabeth H. Phillips15,16*, Maria del Mar Cuadrado17*, Fuad Fananapazir17*, Charlotte Tyson18*, Sumaiya Kamora18*, James D. Cavenagh, MD19, Roger G Owen, MD, MRCP, FRCPath13* and Kwee Yong, MD, PhD20,21

1Department of Haematology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Department of Haematology, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, United Kingdom
3Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
4Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
5Research department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
6Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
7University of Oxford, Oxford, ENG, United Kingdom
8Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
9Oxford Translational Myeloma Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
10Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
11Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
12MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
13HMDS, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
14University College London, London, GBR
15University of Manchester, Christie NHS Foundation Trust and Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
16Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
17UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
18Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
19Department of Haematology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, GBR
20UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
21University College London, London, United Kingdom

Introduction:


Achievement and maintenance of maximal depth of response to first line therapy is a prerequisite for prolonged progression free survival (PFS) in multiple myeloma (MM) and initial treatment protocols are designed to enhance probability of obtaining a serological complete response (CR) and minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity in the bone marrow (BM). Response adapted treatment can deliver better outcomes than a one-size fits all approach1,2 if serological and BM markers are used to guide treatment selection. Deepening of response following high dose melphalan ASCT (HDM-ASCT) and immunomodulator-based maintenance treatment is well described3, similar response to transplant-sparing chemotherapy consolidation or HDM-ASCT and prolonged proteasome inhibitor (PI)-based maintenance is understudied. The primary endpoint of CARDAMON has been previously reported4, this in depth analysis of MRD conversion pre and post ASCT further describes the benefit of ASCT in improving depth of response compared to chemotherapy alone.

Methods:


Initial treatment comprised 4 x 28-day cycles of KCd (Carfilzomib 20/56mg days 1,2,8,9,15,16,Cyclophosphamide 500mg D1,8,15 and Dexamethasone 40mg D1,2,8,9,15,16) followed by peripheral blood stem cell harvest and consolidation with either HDM-ASCT or 4 further cycles of KCd. Following consolidation all patients received K maintenance for up to 18 x 28-day cycles. Data on serological response and rates of MRD negativity by FLOW cytometry (10-5) assessed at 3 time points: post induction and harvest (induction), post consolidation (HDM-ASCT or KCd) and post maintenance are presented alongside survival data.

Results:


A total of 281 patients were registered for the study and 230 patients completed induction, 218 of which were subsequently randomised (109 HDM-ASCT, 109 KCd). Median follow up was 4.8 years (IQR 4.1-5.8). Post-induction, 64 patients were MRD -ve and 153 MRD +ve (MRD status unknown in 13 patients). Patients achieving CR and MRD -ve at any of the 3 timepoints showed no benefit from ASCT over KCd in PFS (HR (ASCT vs KCd) 0.90, 95% CI 0.50-1.62, p=0.7) or OS (HR 2.56, 95% CI 0.70-9.43, p=0.2).

Patients who were MRD +ve post induction were more likely to convert to MRD-ve with HDM-ASCT (25/64, 39.1%) than with KCd (10/61, 16.4%) consolidation (p=0.005). This effect continued during maintenance treatment such that 26/58 (44.8%) who were MRD +ve post induction became MRD -ve if they had received HDM-ASCT consolidation compared to 14/63 (22.2%) who received KCd (p=0.01). There was no significant difference between randomised consolidation treatment (HDM-ASCT or KCd) in maintaining MRD negativity if it was achieved at the earliest timepoint post-induction and sustained until the end of consolidation (HDM-ASCT 23/26, 88.5% vs KCd 20/25, 80.0%, p=0.4) or until the end of maintenance (HDM-ASCT 22/25, 88.0% vs KCd 17/21, 81.0% p=0.5).

Furthermore, patients with sustained +ve MRD have a significantly worse PFS than those with repeated -ve MRD (Hazard Ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.12-2.79, p=0.01) or those who convert from MRD +ve to -ve between the end of induction and the end of consolidation (HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.57-4.69, p<0.001). Though not significant, patients who converted from MRD +ve to -ve tended to have better outcomes than those with sustained negativity (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.35-1.22, p=0.2) suggesting that the superior effect of ASCT continues during K maintenance and a potential synergistic effect of transplantation with PI maintenance. More patients converted from MRD +ve to MRD -ve during maintenance following ASCT (11/39 28.2%) than KCd (8/50 16%) although this difference was not significant (p=0.16).

Discussion:


This post hoc analysis of the CARDAMON study shows that early assessment of MRD status following induction and response driven choice of consolidation may improve outcome in first line treatment of MM and allow those with an early MRD -ve response to avoid the toxicity of HDM-ASCT. Similarly continued use of transplantation approach may be justified in those who are MRD +ve following induction. These results utilising a PI-based induction and post-ASCT treatment remain to be confirmed with quadruplet induction and IMiD-based maintenance.

References:

  1. Costa L, et al J Clin Oncol. 2022 1;40(25):2901-2912
  2. Royle K-L et al BMJ Open 2022 17;12(11)
  3. Jackson G et al Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(1):57-73
  4. Yong K et al Lancet Hematol. 2023;10(2):E93-106

    Disclosures: Popat: Regeneron: Other: IDMC member; J&J: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; GSK: Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria; Abbvie: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria. Ramasamy: Sanofi: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; GSK: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Adaptive Biotech: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Johnson and Johnson: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Menarini Stemline: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Recordati rare Disease: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Phillips: Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel and conference support, speakers fees; Sobi: Honoraria, Other: Travel and conference support, speakers fees.

    *signifies non-member of ASH