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2145 Prevalence and Outcomes of Opportunistic Infections in Steroid Refractory Graft Versus Host Disease Patients Treated with Ruxolitinib, Ibrutinib, and Belumosudil

Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 722. Allogeneic Transplantation: Acute and Chronic GVHD and Immune Reconstitution: Poster I
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
Research, Acute Myeloid Malignancies, Combination therapy, Viral, Bacterial, Clinical Research, Health outcomes research, Fungal, Diseases, Real-world evidence, Treatment Considerations, Infectious Diseases, Adverse Events, Lymphoid Malignancies, Survivorship, Myeloid Malignancies
Saturday, December 7, 2024, 5:30 PM-7:30 PM

Victoria Stepanyants, BSc1, Hong Li, PhD2*, Danielle Cenin, PharmD3*, Jessi Edwards, PharmD4*, Claudio Brunstein, MD, PhD5, Matt Kalaycio, MD6, Ronald Sobecks, MD7, Craig S. Sauter, MD8 and Betty K. Hamilton, MD9

1Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Heights, OH
2Department of Biostatistics and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
3Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
4Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
5Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
6Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
7Blood and Marrow Transplant, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
8Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
9Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the leading cause of late non-relapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT). It is characterized by immune dysregulation as well as immunosuppression from treatment and is associated with increased infection risk. Thirty-five percent of deaths among patients with cGVHD are attributed to infection.

Three novel agents have recently been approved for the treatment of steroid-refractory (SR)-cGVHD. In contrast to corticosteroids, these agents have more specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of action, however limited data exists regarding risk of infection and utility of antimicrobial prophylaxis in the real-word setting. The aim of this single-institution study was to characterize the incidence and outcome of infections during treatment with ruxolitinib, ibrutinib, and belumosudil therapy.

This was a retrospective review of adult patients (≥18 years) with cGVHD treated with ruxolitinib, ibrutinib, and/or belumosudil between August 2015 and December 2023. GVHD characteristics, treatment, and details of infections were described and analyzed. An infection was attributed to respective drug only during the period the patient was on the agent and recorded only if an organism was documented. Infections were categorized as bacterial, non-respiratory viral, respiratory viral, or fungal. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables and the incidence and outcomes of infections.

Ninety-two patients were identified that met inclusion criteria. Organ cGVHD involvement included: 59 (64%) skin, 36 (39%) mouth, 33 (36%) eyes, 27 (29%) liver, 26 (28%) joints and fascia, 21 (23%) gastrointestinal, and 14 (15%) lungs. Most patients (68, 74%) had multi-organ involvement. During the study period, 86 (94%) were treated with ruxolitinib, 16 (17%) with ibrutinib, 14 (15%) with belumosudil, and 5 (5%) with ruxolitinib and belumosudil concurrently. The median number of previous systemic therapies was 2 (range 0 – 5). Most patients were on concurrent prednisone and additional systemic immunosuppression, most commonly tacrolimus (Tac) or sirolimus (Sir). Of the 86 patients treated with ruxolitinib, 67 (78%) were also on prednisone, and 39 (45%) on Tac or Sir. In ibrutinib treated patients (N=16), 11 (69%) were also on prednisone, and 5 (31%) on Tac or Sir. Of the 14 patients treated with belumosudil, 9 (64%) were on concurrent prednisone, and 4 (29%) on Tac or Sir. Of the 5 patients treated with ruxolitinib/belumosudil combination therapy, 2 (40%) were on prednisone and 1 (20%) on Sir.

In ruxolitinib treated patients (N=86), 35 (41%) experienced one or more infections, with 19 resulting hospitalizations. Sixteen (19%) patients experienced non-respiratory viral infections, 15 (17%) respiratory viral, 15 (17%) bacterial, 5 (6%) fungal. Fifty percent (N=8) of the 16 ibrutinib treated patients experienced one or more infections with 6 resulting hospitalizations. Five (31%) patients experienced respiratory viral infections, 3 (19%) bacterial, 1 (6%) viral, and 1 fungal (6%). Of the 14 patients treated with belumosudil, 5 (36%) experienced one or more infections with 4 resulting hospitalizations. Four (29%) patients experienced bacterial infections and 2 (14%) respiratory viral infections. Two of the 5 patients (40%) treated with ruxolitinib and belumosudil concurrently experienced one or more infections with no hospitalizations. One (20%) patient experienced a viral infection, and 1 (20%) patient experienced a bacterial infection. Infection was the primary cause of death in 5 patients. Median time from the start of treatment to first infection was 62 days, (IQR 11 - 142 days) for patients treated with ruxolitinib, 32 days (IQR 16 – 243) for ibrutinib, 107 days (IQR 77 – 295) for belumosudil, and 182 days (IQR 7 – 357) for ruxolitinib/belumosudil combination therapy.

We demonstrate a significant number of infections, including invasive fungal infections, in this cohort of SR-cGVHD patients treated with the study agents. While several factors and concurrent medications may impact the risk of infection in this population, these analyses demonstrate the need for additional risk assessment and antimicrobial prophylaxis when initiating treatment with the agents.

Disclosures: Brunstein: Allovir: Other: Data Safety and Monitoring Board. Sobecks: CareDx, Inc: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Sauter: MorphoSys: Consultancy; Syncopation Life Sciences: Consultancy; Celgene/BMS: Consultancy; NKARTA: Consultancy; Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals: Consultancy; CRISPR Therapeutics: Consultancy; Ono Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy; Actinium Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Precision Biosciences: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Celgene/BMS: Research Funding; Cargo Therapeutics: Research Funding; Sanofi-Genzyme: Research Funding; Affimed: Research Funding; NKARTA: Research Funding; Gamida Cell: Consultancy; Kite/a Gilead Company: Consultancy; Karyopharm Therapeutics: Consultancy; Juno Therapeutics: Research Funding. Hamilton: CSL Behring: Other: Adjudication committee; Rigel: Other: ad hoc advisory board; Maat Pharma: Other: ad hoc advisory board; Orca Bio: Research Funding; Angiocrine: Other: DSMB; ACI group: Consultancy; Nkarta: Other: Ad hoc advisory board; Incyte: Consultancy; Sanofi: Other: ad hoc advisory board.

*signifies non-member of ASH