Targeting BCL-XL with a Novel VHL-Based BCL-XL Degrader DT-2216 in Pre-Clinical JAK2-Mutant AML Post-MPN Models

INTRODUCTION

Outcomes of acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) progressed from JAK2-mutant (JAK2-mut) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) (post-MPN AML) are dismal, with limited responsiveness to cytotoxic therapies, hypomethylating agents, BCL-2 inhibitor or JAK2 inhibitor, with a median overall survival of less than 1 year (Dunbar, et al. Blood, 2020).

BCL-xL has been found to be overexpressed in cells from JAK2-mut MPN patients (Petiti et al. J Cell Mol Med, 2020), thus making it a potential therapeutic target. However, the clinical utility of navitoclax, a BCL-xL and BCL-2 dual inhibitor, as demonstrated in combination with JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis (Harrison et al. J Clin Oncol, 2022), has been notable for an on-target thrombocytopenia due to the essential role of BCL-xL in platelet survival. In contrast, DT2216, a VHL-recruiting BCL-xL PROTAC, exhibits potent degradation of BCL-xL in leukemia cells while sparing platelets due to minimal expression of VHL in platelets (Khan et.al Nat. Med, 2019). Consequently, DT2216 may represent an attractive strategy to target BCL-xL, reducing the apoptotic threshold and increasing responsiveness to chemotherapy selectively in tumor cells. In this study, we evaluated the pre-clinical efficacy of DT2216 in combination with ruxolitinib, 5-azacytidine (AZA), or MCL-1 inhibitor S63845 in JAK2-mut AML models.

METHODS

To validate the dependency of BCL2L1 (gene encoding BCL-xL) on JAK2-mut AML, we analyzed genome-wide CRISPR screen data, RNA-seq data from the DepMap portal and Beat AML 1.0 cohort. To assess the efficacy of DT2216-based treatments, including DT2216 alone, DT2216/AZA combination, DT2216/ruxolitinib combination, and DT2216/S63845 combination, we conducted the Cell Titer Glo (CTG) assay using JAK2-mut AML cell lines and primary leukemia samples. Since most JAK2-mut AML patients are resistant to ruxolitinib, we included ruxolitinib-resistant (ruxo-re) cell lines. The combination index (CI) values obtained at the ED₅₀, ED₇₅, and ED₉₀ were used to determine synergism (CI <1) between the agents, with lower values indicating stronger synergism. Clonogenic assays with three distinct JAK2-mut AML patient samples were performed using DT2216 and/or AZA to assess the anti-leukemia effects on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Western blot was used to determine BCL-xL degradation and measure the expression of BCL-2 and MCL-1 after drug treatments.

RESULTS

The analysis of BCL2L1 gene expression (p<0.05, JAK2-mut AML cell lines versus other AML cell lines; p<0.01, post-MPN AML versus de novo AML) and BCL2L1 CRISPR gene effect (p<0.05, JAK2-mut AML cell lines versus other AML cell lines) confirmed the role of BCL-xL as a target in JAK2-mut AML. DT2216 as a single agent significantly reduced cell viability in JAK2-mut AML cell lines, with an average IC₅₀ of 1.61 μM in parental cell lines (range 0.74 – 2.35 μM) and an average IC₅₀ of 5.37 μM in ruxo-re cell lines (range 1.29 – 8.99 μM) at 72 hours. Notably, DT2216 also markedly reduced cell viability in primary samples (n=3), with an average IC₅₀ value of 1.21 μM (range 0.41 – 2.59 μM) at 24 hours. Moreover, the average CIs of DT2216/S68425 combination, DT2216/AZA and DT2216/ruxolitinib combination were 0.13 (range 0.07 – 0.17), 0.17 (range 0.61 – 0.22), 0.36 (range 0.14 – 0.54), respectively at 72 hours. Clonogenic assays in three primary JAK2-mut AML samples demonstrated a 69% (range 58.3 – 77.5%) reduction of colony count when treated with DT2216 alone (50 nM) (p<0.001, versus DMSO group) and 76% (range 70.8 – 79.8%) reduction when treated with the combination of DT2216 (50 nM) with AZA (100 nM) (p<0.0001, versus DMSO group) (Fig. 1A). Western blot analysis demonstrated efficient degradation of the BCL-xL protein, with average reductions of 78.5% (range: 70 – 90%), 82.75% (range: 68 – 96%) (Fig. 1B), and 86.75% (range: 83 – 97%) after 24 hours of treatment with DT2216 alone or in combination with AZA or ruxolitinib in both the parental and ruxo-re SET2 and HEL cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the promising efficacy of DT2216 in JAK2-mut AML, as evidenced by reduced cell viability, on-target degradation of BCL-xL, and synergistic anti-leukemia effects when combined with AZA, ruxolitinib or MCL-1 inhibitor. These results provide valuable insights into future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of JAK2-mut AML, particularly in the context of post-MPN AML.