Session: 618. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Biology, Cytogenetics, and Molecular Markers in Diagnosis and Prognosis: Poster II
Hematology Disease Topics & Pathways:
apheresis, Leukemia, ALL, AML, neurotoxicity, Diseases, bioengineering, Adverse Events, white blood cells, Technology and Procedures, Cell Lineage, Lymphoid Malignancies, Clinically relevant, Myeloid Malignancies, imaging
To that end, we investigated how the differing presentations of acute leukemia lead to microvessel occlusion, thereby affecting effective blood viscosity at the microvascular level using “microvasculature-on-a-chip” devices that mimic the microvascular geometry (Figure 1) developed by our laboratory. This physiologically relevant microvascular model allows for in vitro investigation as in vivo studies are nearly impossible due to difficulty in visualizing and manipulating the animal microvasculature and cell counts.
The devices were microfabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Acute T-cell lymphoblastic (Jurkat) and acute monocytic (THP-1) cell lines were maintained via standard cell culture conditions. Red cells from healthy donors were isolated and mixed with leukemia cells to achieve target Hgb and WBC levels. Various physiologic leukemia “mixtures” were then perfused under physiologic microcirculatory flow conditions through the microvascular device and microchannels occlusion was tracked via videomicroscopy (Figure 2).
With T-cell leukemia, Hgb levels affected the risk of “in vitro leukostasis.” Specifically, with severe anemia and WBC count less than the hyperleukocytosis range, time to microchannel occlusion was longer, and was more dependent on Hgb rather than WBC count. However, in cases with severe anemia and WBC counts > 100k/μL, WBC count exhibited a stronger effect on occlusion with little dependence on Hgb (Figure 3). At Hgb > 8g/dL, microchannel occlusion was dependent on WBC count regardless of hyperleukocytosis or not.
In contrast, our data to date shows that with myeloid leukemia, in vitro leukostasis is not associated with Hgb levels, and is consistent with how myeloid leukemias in vivo cause leukostasis symptoms at lower WBC counts than lymphoid leukemias, not only due to size but also adhesive interactions.
These data suggest when determining risk for leukostasis, WBC count should not be the sole determinant. Here we show Hgb levels affect microvascular blood viscosity and propensity for microvascular occlusion, but it appears to have a greater impact with T-cell leukemias versus myeloid leukemias (Figure 4). These studies indicate Hgb is an important clinical parameter for leukostasis risk in acute leukemia and will help inform guidelines for leukapheresis and even phlebotomy, a much simpler and safer procedure, to mitigate hyperviscosity in acute leukemia. These results can also impact decisions regarding the need for red blood cell transfusions, which iatrogenically increase blood viscosity. Studies incorporating patient myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cells and microvasculature-on-chip devices integrating live endothelium to assess leukemia cell adhesion are ongoing.
Disclosures: Lam: Sanguina, Inc: Current equity holder in private company.