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2408 Disrupted Lymphocyte Homeostasis in Hepatitis-Associated Acquired Aplastic Anemia Is Associated with Very Low Telomere Lengths

Bone Marrow Failure
Program: Oral and Poster Abstracts
Session: 508. Bone Marrow Failure: Poster II
Sunday, December 6, 2015, 6:00 PM-8:00 PM
Hall A, Level 2 (Orange County Convention Center)

Anne-Laure Grignon, MD, BA, MA1, Daria V. Babushok, MD, PhD2,3, Li Yimei, phD4*, Helge Hartung, MD5, Ho-Sun Lam6*, Monica Bessler, MD, PhD7 and Timothy S. Olson, MD PhD8,9,10

1Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
2Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
3Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
4Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Philadelphia, PA
5Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
6Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
7Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
8Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
9Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
10Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a hematologic disorder characterized by low blood counts and a hypocellular bone marrow, caused by autoimmune destruction of early hematopoietic cells. The diagnosis of AA is made by excluding other disorders that can present with bone marrow failure (BMF). Such disorders include dyskeratosis congenita (DC), a multisystem BMF syndrome, caused by an inherited defect in telomere maintenance. Although classical DC presents in childhood with stereotypical mucocutaneous changes, milder forms of telomere dysfunction associated with mutations in TERT and TERC genes can present with non-syndromic bone marrow failure clinically indistinguishable from AA. In clinical practice, lymphocyte telomere length measurements are used as a first-line screen for inherited telomeropathies before initiating treatment for AA.

In our BMF center, we have observed that several patients with features of hepatitis-associated AA (HAA) had lymphocyte telomere lengths at diagnosis at or below the first percentile of age-matched controls, in the range similar to inherited telomere disorders. To confirm our initial observation, we performed a retrospective analysis of telomere lengths of consecutively enrolled HAA patients with non-hepatitis associated AA patients in our institution. 

A total of 30 patients with AA were included in this study: 10 had HAA and 20 had other AA (Table 1). The median age at telomere testing was 8.0 years (range 1–19 years). There was no significant difference in age or disease severity between the two groups (p=0.827). The patients' median lymphocyte telomere length (TL) was significantly lower in the HAA patients compared to AA (7.4kb versus 9.1kb, P= 0.021); the difference remained significant after adjusting for patient age (p<0.001). Strikingly, 5 of 10 HAA patients had telomeres at or below the 1st percentile of age-matched normal controls, within the diagnostic range for telomeropathies (Figure 1A). None of these 5 patients had clinical features of DC. As a comparison, TL measurements of genetically-confirmed DC patients (Figure 1) demonstrated TL below the 1st percentile for age-matched controls, and within a similar range to that seen in the HAA patients. To ensure that the significantly lower telomere lengths in the HAA patients were not caused by an occult TERT or TERC gene mutation, the five HAA patients with TL below the 1st percentile were screened for germline mutations in TERT and TERC. A known heterozygous polymorphism, Ala1062Thr was found in one patient, a known variant with no known telomere defect and no effect on telomere length.

Because differences in lymphocyte activation and subset composition are known to impact telomerase activity, we hypothesized that alterations in lymphocyte populations caused by the unique inflammatory state of HAA could partly account for significantly shorter TL in this population.  HAA patients exhibited significantly lower absolute lymphocyte counts and lower lymphocyte subsets across the board, as well as the decreased CD4/CD8 ratio compared to non-hepatitis AA patients (Figure 2). The median telomere length in the two groups was significantly correlated with lymphocyte counts (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.52, p=0.003).

An altered lymphocyte homeostasis such as the one characteristic for HAA limits the specificity of telomere measurements as a screening method to identify patients with AA due to a genetic defect in telomere maintaining genes. As such, short telomeres in HAA in the absence of other features suggestive for DC does not necessarily warrant genetic testing for telomere length. Longitudinal studies of telomeres and study of clonal hematopoiesis in this population is ongoing. 

Table 1

Overall

(n = 30)

AA

(n=20)

HAA (n=10)

P value*

Patient Characteristic

Gender, female  n (%)

12 (40)

9 (45)

3 (30)

0.694

Gender, male  n (%)

18 (60)

11 (55)

7 (70)

Age at diagnosis, y, median (range)

8.0 (1-19)

8.3 (1-19)

7.5 (3-17)

0.827

Disease Severity, n (%)

0.999

Moderate

6 (20)

4 (20)

2 (20)

Severe

22 (73)

15 (75)

7 (70)

Very Severe

2 (7)

1 (5)

1 (10)

Median Lymphocyte Telomere Length, kb (range)

8.9 (5.9-11.3)

9.1 (7.5-11.3)

7.4 (5.9-9.8)

0.021

 ≤ 1st percentile of age-matched controls

5

0

5

1-10th percentile of age-matched controls

5

5

0

> 10th percentile of age-matched controls

20

15

5

*P-values are obtained by Fisher's exact test for gender and disease severity and by Wilcoxon test for age and telomere length.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

*signifies non-member of ASH